BioDent,OsteoProbe®利用參考點壓痕量測技術檢測活體內骨骼組織之機械性質！
BioDent? 骨等組織參考點壓痕測試分析系統可以測量骨和其他組織的力學特性，具有離體測量和在體測量兩種模式，可以直接在活體動物上在體測試分析骨等組織等力學特性；能獲得以前無法獲得的臨床數據，如骨和其他組織的材料性質，對骨等組織尤為適用。 OsteoProbe® RUO為便攜式在體/離體骨組織測量儀為BioDent? 骨等組織參考點壓痕測試分析系統手持版本
BioDent使用設計獨特的微探針在微米水平上對組織施壓。探針處于一個小套管內部(圖2 A)，套管可在組織上或組織內部建立參考點，然后便可測量軟、硬材料和生物材料的凹陷距離、相對剛度和能量耗散，從而**地檢測材料力學性質(圖2 B)。在恒力工作模式下，BioDent測量探針相對于參考點移動的距離，作為在此壓力下材料發生的形變。在恒定距離工作模式（即將推出）下，BioDent測量使材料發生此種程度的形變時需要的力。
BioDent可臨床測量材料性質作為健康或病變組織的指標。這些組織通常由不同的軟硬組織在微米尺度上組合形成（圖3），BioDent可在微米和毫米尺度上進行測量，以用于不同的生物材料。
OsteoProbe® RUO是在體測量骨組織材料性質的**儀器，是實驗室和臨床研究中測量骨質量的有力工具。OsteoProbe® RUO是一種便攜式單手操作微壓痕儀，與測量骨密度的放射性方法（X射線、DXA和CT）具有不同的原理，它使用參考點壓痕技術來檢測材料對局部壓力的抵抗性。
OsteoProbe® RUO使用特別設計的探針來進行皮下測量，無須切開組織。探針刺空軟組織達到骨表面建立一個參考點，當探針受力達到一個預先設定的閾值后會自動觸發更大的力進行測量。軟件會記錄下來凹陷深度和力之間的函數關系，然后用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯作為參照材料進行校準來獲得BMSi（材料強度指數）。
相關文獻：
Reference Point Indentation Publications by Year
(69) “Application of reference point indentation for micro-mechanical surface characterization of calcium silicate based dental materials”
Antonijevi?, D., et al.
Biomedical Microdevices 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(68) “A direct role of collagen glycation in bone fracture”
Poundarik, A., et al.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(67) “Strain differences in the attenuation of bone accrual in a young growing mouse model of insulin resistance.”
Rendina-Ruedy, E., et al.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(66) “Adverse Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on the Skeleton of Aging Mice.”
Portal-Nú?ez, S., et al.
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(65) “Estimation of local anisotropy of plexiform bone: Comparison between depth sensing micro-indentation and Reference Point Indentation.”
Dall’Ara, E. et al.
Journal of Biomechanics 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(64) “Bone material strength is associated with areal BMD but not with prevalent fractures in older women.”
Rud?ng, R., et al.
Osteoporosis International 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(63) “A High Amount of Local Adipose Tissue is Associated with High Cortical Porosity and Low Bone Material Strength in Older Women.”
Sundh, D., et al.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(62) “Age-related changes in the fracture resistance of male Fischer F344 rat bone.”
Uppuganti, S., et al.
Bone 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(61) “Effect of various testing conditions on results for a handheld reference point indentation instrument in horses.”
Lescun, Timothy B., et al.
American Journal of Veterinary Research 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(60) “Site Dependent Reference Point Microindentation Complements Clinical Measures for Improved Fracture Risk Assessment at the Human Femoral Neck.”
Thurner, P. J., et al.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(59) “Determinants of bone strength and quality in diabetes mellitus in humans.”
Khosla, S., et al.
Bone 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(58) “Microstructure and wettability of root canal dentine and root canal filling materials after different chemical irrigation.”
Busse, B., et al.
Applied Surface Science 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(57) “In vivo reference point indentation measurement variability in skeletally mature inbred mice.”
Organ, J., et al.
BoneKEy Reports 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(56) “Multiscale Predictors of Femoral Neck in situ Strength in Aging Women: Contributions of BMD, Cortical Porosity, Reference Point Indentation, and Nonenzymatic Glycation.”
Abraham, A. C., et al.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(55)”Toughness and damage susceptibility in human cortical bone is proportional to mechanical inhomogeneity at the osteonal-level.”
Orestis L. Katsamenis, Thomas Jenkins b, Philipp J. Thurner.
Bone 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(54) “Are the High Hip Fracture Rates Among Norwegian Women Explained by Impaired Bone Material Properties?”
Daysi Duarte Sosa, Laila Vilaplana, Roberto Güerri, Xavier Nogues, Morten Fagerland, Adolfo Diez-Perez, Erik Eriksen.
JBMR 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(53) “Bone Material Strength as measured by microindentation in vivo is decreased in patients with fragility fractures independently of Bone Mineral Density.” Malgo, F., N. A. T. Hamdy, S. E. Papapoulos and N. M. Appelman-Dijkstra.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(52) “Bone Tissue Properties Measurement by Reference Point Indentation in Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.”
Mellibovsky, L., D. Prieto-Alhambra, F. Mellibovsky, R. Güerri-Fernández, X. Nogués, C. Randall, P. K. Hansma and A. Díez-Perez
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2015
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(51) “True Gold or Pyrite: A Review of Reference Point Indentation for Assessing Bone Mechanical Properties In Vivo.”
Allen, M. R., et al.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2015
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe® and BioDent?
“Letter to the Editor Regarding Allen et al.” Khosla, Sundeep. JBMR. 2015
“Reply to Letter to the Editor.” Allen, Matt R. JBMR. 2015
(50) “Variability in reference point micro-indentation and Recommendations for testing cortical bone: Location, thickness and orientation heterogeneity.”
Coutts, L. V., T. Jenkins, T. Li, D. G. Dunlop, R. O. C. Oreffo, C. Cooper, N. C. Harvey, P. J. Thurner, N. K. Arden, J. M. Latham, P. Taylor, M. Baxter, N. Moss, C. Ball and K. Chan.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent
(49) “Variability in reference point microindentation and recommendations for testing cortical bone: Maximum load, sample orientation, mode of use, sample preparation and measurement spacing.”
Jenkins, T., L. V. Coutts, D. G. Dunlop, R. O. C. Oreffo, C. Cooper, N. C. Harvey and P. J. Thurner.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2015. 42(0): 311-324
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(48) “Lack of prolidase causes a bone phenotype both in human and in mouse.”
Besio, R., et al.
Bone 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(47) “Study of indentation of a sample equine bone using finite element simulation and single cycle reference point indentation.”
Hoffseth, K., C. Randall, P. Hansma and H. T. Y. Yang
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2015.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(46) Identifying novel clinical surrogates to assess human bone fracture toughness.”
Granke, M., A. J. Makowski, S. Uppuganti, M. D. Does and J. S. Nyman
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(45) “Multi-level characterization of human femoral cortices and their underlying osteocyte network reveal trends in quality of young, aged, osteoporotic and antiresorptive-treated bone.”
Milovanovic, P., E. A. Zimmermann, C. Riedel, A. v. Scheidt, L. Herzog, M. Krause, D. Djonic, M. Djuric, K. Püschel, M. Amling, R. O. Ritchie and B. Busse
Biomaterials 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(44) “Characterization of Damage Mechanisms Associated with Reference Point Indentation in Human Bone.”
Bryan G. Beutel, Oran D. Kennedy
Bone 2015.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(43) “Biomechanical Mechanisms: Resolving the Apparent Conundrum of Why Individuals with Type II Diabetes Show Increased Fracture Incidence Despite Having Normal BMD.”
Jepson, K., Schlecht, S.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(42) “The Primary Function of gp130 Signaling in Osteoblasts Is To Maintain Bone Formation and Strength, Rather Than Promote Osteoclast Formation.”
Johnson, R. W., H. J. Brennan, C. Vrahnas, I. J. Poulton, N. E. McGregor, T. Standal, E. C. Walker, T.-T. Koh, H. Nguyen, N. C. Walsh, M. R. Forwood, T. J. Martin and N. A. Sims.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014. 29(6): 1492-1505.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(41) “Nanoscale changes in collagen are reflected in physical and mechancial properties of bone at the microscale in diabetic rats”
Max A. Hammond a, Maxime A. Gallant b, David B. Burr b,d, Joseph M. Wallace
Bone 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(40) “Nano-structural, compositional and micro-architectural signs of cortical bone fragility at the superolateral femoral neck in elderly hip fracture patients vs. healthy aged controls”
Milovanovic, P.; Rakocevic, Z.; Djonic, D.; Zivkovic, V.; Hahn, M.; Nikolic, S.; Amling, M.; Busse, B.; Djuric, M.
Experimental Gerontology 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(39) “Multi-scale analysis of bone chemistry, morphology and mechanics in the oim model of osteogenesis imperfecta.” Bart, Z. R., M. A. Hammond and J. M. Wallace.
Connective Tissue Research 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(38) “Towards a standardized reference point indentation testing procedure”
Setters, A.; Jasiuk, I.
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2014, 34, 57-65.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(37) “Insights into Reference Point Indentation Involving Human Cortical Bone: Sensitivity to Tissue Anisotropy and Mechanical Behavior.”
Granke, M., A. Coulmier, S. Uppuganti, J. A. Gaddy, M. D. Does and J. S. Nyman
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(36) “Cortical Bone Mechanical Properties Are Altered in an Animal Model of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease.” Newman, C. L., S. M. Moe, N. X. Chen, M. A. Hammond, J. M. Wallace, J. S. Nyman and M. R. Allen.
PLoS ONE 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(35) “EphrinB2 signaling in osteoblasts promotes bone mineralization by preventing apoptosis.”
Tonna, S., F. M. Takyar, C. Vrahnas, B. Crimeen-Irwin, P. W. M. Ho, I. J. Poulton, H. J. Brennan, N. E. McGregor, E. H. Allan, H. Nguyen, M. R. Forwood, L. Tatarczuch, E. J. Mackie, T. J. Martin and N. A. Sims.
The FASEB Journal. 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(34) “Reference point indentation is not indicative of whole mouse bone measures of stress intensity fracture toughness.”
Carriero, A., et al.
Bone 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(33) “Caspase-2 Maintains Bone Homeostasis by Inducing Apoptosis of Oxidatively-Damaged Osteoclasts”
Sharma, R.; Callaway, D.; Vanegas, D.; Bendele, M.; Lopez-Cruzan, M.; Horn, D.; Guda, T.; Fajardo, R.; Abboud-Werner, S.; Herman, B.
PLoS ONE 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(32) “Variability of in vivo reference point indentation in skeletally mature inbred rats.”
Allen, M. R., C. L. Newman, E. Smith, D. M. Brown and J. M. Organ.
Journal of Biomechanics 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(31) “Hyperlipidemia affects multiscale structure and strength of murine femur.”
Ascenzi, M.-G., A. Lutz, X. Du, L. Klimecky, N. Kawas, T. Hourany, J. Jahng, J. Chin, Y. Tintut, U. Nackenhors and J. Keyak.
Journal of Biomechanics 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(30) “Role of donor and host cells in muscle-derived stem cell-mediated bone repair: differentiation vs. paracrine effects.”
Gao, X., A. Usas, J. D. Proto, A. Lu, J. H. Cummins, A. Proctor, C.-W. Chen and J. Huard.
The FASEB Journal 2014, 28(8): 3792-3809.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(29) “Antagonizing the αvβ3 Integrin Inhibits Angiogenesis and Impairs Woven but Not Lamellar Bone Formation Induced by Mechanical Loading”
Tomlinson, R. E.; Schmieder, A. H.; Quirk, J. D.; Lanza, G. M.; Silva, M. J.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014,
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(28) “Effect of sequential treatments with alendronate, parathyroid hormone (1–34) and raloxifene on cortical bone mass and strength in ovariectomized rats.”
Amugongo, S. K., W. Yao, J. Jia, W. Dai, Y.-A. E. Lay, L. Jiang, D. Harvey, E. A. Zimmermann, E. Schaible, N. Dave, R. O. Ritchie, D. B. Kimmel and N. E. Lane
Bone 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(27) “Modifications to Nano- and Microstructural Quality and the Effects on Mechanical Integrity in Paget’s Disease of Bone.”
Zimmermann, E. A., T. K?hne, H. A. Bale, B. Panganiban, B. Gludovatz, J. Zustin, M. Hahn, M. Amling, R. O. Ritchie and B. Busse.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(26) “Commentary on Sclerostin Deficiency is Linked to Altered Bone Composition ”
Erik Fink Eriksen
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(25) “The use of traditional and novel techniques to determine the hardness and indentation properties of immature radicular dentin treated with antibiotic medicaments followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid”
Yassen ,G. H.; Al-Angari S. S.; Platt J. A.
European Journal of Dentistry 2014
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(24) “Osteoblast-Specific Deletion of Pkd2 Leads to Low-Turnover Osteopenia and Reduced Bone Marrow Adiposity.”
Xiao, Z., et al.
PLoS ONE 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(23) Microindentation for in vivo measurement of bone tissue material properties in atypical femoral fracture patients and controls”
Güerri‐Fernández, R. C.; Nogués, X.; Quesada Gómez, J. M.; Torres del Pliego, E.; Puig, L.; García‐Giralt, N.; Yoskovitz, G.; Mellibovsky, L.; Hansma, P. K.; Díez‐Pérez, A.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2013, 28, 162-168.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(22) “RPI correlates with bone toughness assessed using whole bone tradiation mechanical testing”
Maxime A. Gallant, Drew M. Brown, Jason M. Organ, Matthew R. Allen, David B. Burr
Bone 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(21) “In Vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes”
Farr, J. N.; Drake, M. T.; Amin, S.; Melton, L. J.; McCready, L. K.; Khosla, S.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2013.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(20) “In vivo reference point indentation reveals positive effects of raloxifene on mechanical properties following 6 months of treatment in skeletally mature beagle dogs”
Aref, M.; Gallant, M. A.; Organ, J. M.; Wallace, J. M.; Newman, C. L.; Burr, D. B.; Brown, D. M.; Allen, M. R.
Bone 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(19)”Reference point indentation study of age-related changes in porcine femoral cortical bone”
Rasoulian, R.; Raeisi Najafi, A.; Chittenden, M.; Jasiuk, I.
Journal of biomechanics 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(18) “Applications of a new hand-held RPI instrament measuring bone material strength”
A. Diez-Perez, P. Hansma
J. Med. Devices 2013.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(17) “Elevated Mechanical Loading When Young Provides Lifelong Benefits to Cortical Bone Properties in Female Rats Independent of a Surgically Induced Menopause”
Stuart J. Warden, Matthew R. Galley, Andrea L. Hurd, Joseph M. Wallace, Maxime A. Gallant, Jeffrey S. Richard, and Lydia A. George
Endocrinology 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(16) “A novel approach to evaluate the effect of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration on root canal surface indentation”
Yassen, G. H.; Chu, T.-M. G.; Gallant, M. A.; Allen, M. R.; Vail, M. M.; Murray, P. E.; Platt, J. A.
Clinical oral investigations 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(15) “Measuring Bone Quality”
Elisa Torres-del-Pliego & Laia Vilaplana & Roberto Güerri-Fernández & Adolfo Diez-Pérez
Current Rheumatology Reports 2013
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(14) “Intervertebral discs from spinal nondeformity and deformity patients have different mechancial and matrix properties”
Kevin K. Cheng, Sigurd H. Berven, Serena S. Hu, Jeffrey C. Lotz
The Spine Journal 2013.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(13) “Multi-scale analysis of bone chemistry, morphology and mechanics in the oim model of osteogenesis imperfecta.” Bart, Z. R., M. A. Hammond and J. M. Wallace.
Connective Tissue Research 2014.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(12) “A new device for performing RPI without reference probe”
Daniel Bridges, Connor Randall, and Paul K. Hansma.
Review of Scientific Instruments 2012.
RPI Technology: OsteoProbe®
(11) “The contribution of the extracellular matrix to the fracture resistance of bone”
Jeffry S. Nyman & Alexander J. Makowski
Current Osteoporosis Reports
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(10) “The effects of freezing on the mechanical properties of bone”
Bryan Kaye, Connor Randall, Daniel Walsh and Paul Hansma
Open Bone Journal, 2012.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(9) “Local tissue properties of human osteoarthritic cartilage correlate with magnetic resonance T1rho relaxation times”
Simon Y. Tang, Richard B. Souza, Michael Ries, Paul K. Hansma, Tamara Alliston, Xiaojuan Li
Journal of Orthopaedic Resesarch Month 2011.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(8) “Validation of BioDent TDI as new clincal diagnostic method”
Wade
Advanced Materials Research 2011.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(7) “Microindentation for in vivo measurement of bone tissue mechanical properties in humans”
Paul Hansma, et al.
Journal Bone Mineral Research 2010.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(6) “In situ materials characterization using the tissue diagnostic instrument”
Tang, S. Y.; Mathews, P.; Randall, C.; Yurtsev, E.; Fields, K.; Wong, A.; Kuo, A. C.; Alliston, T.; Hansma, P.
Polymer testing 2010.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(5) “”The tissue diagnostic instrument”
Hansma, P.; Yu, H.; Schultz, D.; Rodriguez, A.; Yurtsev, E. A.; Orr, J.; Tang, S.; Miller, J.; Wallace, J.; Zok, F.
Review of Scientific Instruments 2009.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(4) “Skeletal changes associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes in the ZDF and ZDSD rodent models ”
Susan Reinwald, Richard G. Peterson, Matt R. Allen and David B. Burr
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(3) “The bone diagnostic instrument III: testing mouse femora”
Randall, C.; Mathews, P.; Yurtsev, E.; Sahar, N.; Kohn, D.; Hansma, P.
Review of Scientific Instruments 2009.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(2) “The effect of NaF in vitro on the mechanical and material properties trabecular and cortical bone”
Philipp J. Thurner, Blake Erickson, Patricia Turner, Ralf Jungmann, Jason Lelujian, Alexander Proctor, James C. Weaver, Georg Schitter, Daniel E. Morse, and Paul K. Hansma
Advanced Materials 2009.
RPI Technology: BioDent?
(1) “Mechanical profiling of intervertebral discs”
David S. Schultz
Journal of Biomechanics 2009.
RPI Technology: BioDent?